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Home › Conditions › Current Research on Fluoride Toxicity: 70+ Scientific Studies

Current Research on Fluoride Toxicity: 70+ Scientific Studies

Written by Mark Burhenne, DDS | 

This is a current list of every study we’ve found on fluoride toxicity to the brain. We created this to be a resource for the functional dentist community, so feel free to bookmark it, share it widely with your patients, and email us if you have a study to add.

Thank you to Jacqueline Carcaramo, RDH (@the.flossophy on Instagram) for collaborating on this initiative. When we both realized we were keeping our own repository of studies on this topic, we realized we could join forces and publish this database to benefit everyone.

List of Studies Investigating Relationship of IQ & Fluoride Exposure

  1. Exposure to fluoridated water and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States: an ecological association
  2. Prevalence and trends in enamel fluorosis in the United States from the 1930s to the 1980s
  3. Immunoexcitotoxicity as the central mechanism of etiopathology and treatment of autism spectrum disorders: A possible role of fluoride and aluminum
  4. Impact of fluoride on neurological development in children
  5. Inorganic fluoride and functions of brain
  6. Potential fluoride toxicity from oral medicaments: A review
  7. The Untold Story of Fluoridation: Revisiting the Changing Perspectives
  8. Impact of Drinking Water Fluoride on Human Thyroid Hormones: A Case-Control Study
  9. The thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D associated hypertension
  10. Placental Fluorosis: Fluoride and Preeclampsia
  11. Developmental Fluoride Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  12. Neurobehavioural effects of developmental toxicity
  13. Fluoride exposure and hypothyroidism in a Canadian pregnancy cohort
  14. Memory impairment induced by sodium fluoride is associated with changes in brain monoamine levels
  15. Neurotoxicity of fluoride: neurodegeneration in hippocampus of female mice
  16. Fluoride & IQ: 76 Studies (Fluoride Action Network)
  17. Effects of fluoride toxicity on the male reproductive system: A review.
  18. Exploring the protective role of metformin and dehydrozingerone in sodium fluoride-induced neurotoxicity: evidence from prenatal rat models.
  19. Acute Fluoride Toxicity Due to Intentional Ingestion of Hydrofluoric Acid Commercial Product.
  20. Prolonged fluoride exposure alters neurotransmission and oxidative stress in the zebrafish brain.
  21. Fluoride and Brain: A Review.
  22. Kenetics of fluoride penetration in liver and brain.
  23. Fluoride contamination a silent global water crisis: A Case of Africa.
  24. Public opinion on community water fluoridation in Scotland.
  25. Fluoride Exposure and Children’s IQ Scores: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  26. Fluoride and children’s IQ: evidence of causation lacking.
  27. Effects of High-Water Fluoride Exposure on IQ Levels in School-Age Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in Jiangsu, China
  28. Effect of fluoride in drinking water on dental caries and IQ in children.
  29. Epigenome-wide association study of fluoride exposure during early adolescence and DNA methylation among U.S. children.
  30. Prenatal fluoride exposure, offspring visual acuity and autonomic nervous system function in 6-month-old infants
  31. Association between fluoride exposure in drinking water and cognitive deficits in children: A pilot study.
  32. Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment.
  33. Health risk in children to fluoride exposure in a typical endemic fluorosis area on Loess Plateau, north China, in the last decade
  34. Association between fluoride exposure and cardiometabolic risk in peripubertal Mexican children.
  35. Low-to-moderate fluoride exposure in relation to overweight and obesity among school-age children in China.
  36. Effects of long-term fluoride exposure on cognitive ability and the underlying mechanisms: Role of autophagy and its association with apoptosis.
  37. Fluoride exposure and pubertal development in children living in Mexico City.
  38. Intelligence and fluoride exposure in New Zealand children
  39. Bone response to fluoride exposure is influenced by genetics
  40. Fluoride exposure and childhood osteosarcoma: a case-control study
  41. Effect of fluoride exposure on different immune parameters in humans
  42. A correlation between serum vitamin, acetylcholinesterase activity and IQ in children with excessive endemic fluoride exposure in Rajasthan, India.
  43. Effect of fluoride exposure on the intelligence of school children in Madhya Pradesh, India.
  44. Effect of fluoride exposure on intelligence quotient (IQ) among 13-15 year old school children of known endemic area of fluorosis, Nalagonda District, Andhra Pradesh
  45. Effect of fluoride exposure on intelligence in children.
  46. The effect of high fluoride exposure on the level of intelligence in children.
  47. WITHDRAWN: Co-exposure effects of arsenic and fluoride on intelligence and oxidative stress in school-aged children: a cohort study.
  48. Low Prenatal Exposures to Fluoride: Are There Neurotoxic Risks for Children?
  49. Non-carcinogenic health risks of fluoride exposure in minors based on national surveillance in China, 2014 and 2018.
  50. Effects of high fluoride and iodine combined exposure on thyroid nodules and goiter in school-age children in Jiangsu, China.
  51. Association of fluoride exposure with disease burden and neurodevelopment outcomes in children in South Korea.
  52. Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children.
  53. Doses of fluoride toothpaste for children up to 24 months.
  54. Longitudinal associations between early-life fluoride exposures and cardiometabolic outcomes in school-aged children.
  55. Fluoride exposure during pregnancy from a community water supply is associated with executive function in preschool children: A prospective ecological cohort study
  56. Estimation of the fraction of an ingested dose of fluoride excreted through urine in pre-school children.
  57. Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents.
  58. The effect of community water fluoridation cessation on children’s dental health: a national experience.
  59. NHS dental activity: a population marker for the effectiveness of community water fluoridation in children in England.
  60. Prenatal exposure to fluoride and neuropsychological development in early childhood: 1-to 4 years old children.
  61. Prenatal Fluoride Exposure and Autism Spectrum Disorder-Like Behaviors in a Sample of Canadian Preschool Aged Children: The MIREC Study.
  62. The dental condition of children in seven areas in England and Wales as shown by the base-line dental examinations made in connection with the fluoridation demonstration studies.
  63. The incidence of dental caries among adults and young children in three high- and three low-fluorine areas in England.
  64. Outcome of Systemic Fluoride Effects on Developmental Neurocognitions and Psychopathology in Adolescent Children. (Letter).
  65. Urinary fluoride excretion by preschool children in six European countries.
  66. Fluoride intake and urinary excretion in 6- to 7-year-old children living in optimally, sub-optimally and non-fluoridated areas.
  67. Drinking water fluoridation and oral health inequities in Canadian children.
  68. Fluoridation cessation and children’s dental caries: A 7-year follow-up evaluation of Grade 2 schoolchildren in Calgary and Edmonton, Canada.
  69. Fluoride balance in infants and young children in the UK and its clinical relevance for the dental team.
  70. Dental health of preschool children after two-years of a supervised tooth brushing program in Southern Israel.

Got a study to add? We welcome collaboration on this list. Please get in touch: [email protected] and join our community of Functional Dentists.

About Mark Burhenne, DDS

I’m on a mission to empower people everywhere with the same evidence-based, easy-to-understand dental health advice that my patients get. You can read my story here. I have been a dentist in private practice for 35 years. I graduated from the Dugoni School of Dentistry in San Francisco, CA in 1987 and am a member of the American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine (AADSM), Academy of General Dentistry (Chicago, IL), American Academy for Oral Systemic Health (AAOSH), and Dental Board of California.

Dr. Mark is the author of the best-selling book 8-Hour Sleep Paradox

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